CockroachDB

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CockroachDB (sometimes shortened as CRDB) is a free and open source distributed SQL database built on a transactional and strongly-consistent key-value store. It is backed by PebbleDB (a RocksDB/LevelDB-inspired K/B store) and uses the Raft distributed consensus algorithm to ensure consistency.

History

CockroachDB is inspired by Google’s Spanner and F1 to address fault tolerance and distributed consistency.

CockroachDB supports foreign keys.

Indexes

Log-Structured Merge Tree

CockroachDB's indexes are stored in RocksDB's LSM tree implementation.

Isolation Levels

Serializable Snapshot Isolation

CockroachDB supports serializable snapshot isolation (SSI). It is implemented using RocksDB snapshot capability.

Joins

Nested Loop Join Hash Join Sort-Merge Join Shuffle Join Semi Join Index Nested Loop Join

CockroachDB supports all standard SQL joins. Distributed joins are performed via a shuffle by hash strategy, or a batched nested loop strategy. Broadcast joins are not supported.

Logging

Physical Logging

Query Compilation

Not Supported

Query Execution

Tuple-at-a-Time Model Vectorized Model

CockroachDB supports distributed SQL execution. The gateway query node is responsible for creating a DAG of SQL processors and distributing them across the cluster, like in F1. The individual SQL processors operate in either a tuple-at-a-time mode, which supports all SQL queries in CockroachDB, or a vectorized mode, which supports a subset of SQL, depending on query cardinality.

Query Interface

SQL

CockroachDB aims to provide standard SQL with extensions, but some standard SQL functionality is under development.

Storage Architecture

Disk-oriented

The backend storage in CockroachDB is RocksDB. It is disk-oriented storage.

Storage Model

Custom

CockroachDB stores its data in the distributed key-value store.

Storage Organization

Log-structured

Stored Procedures

Not Supported

System Architecture

Shared-Nothing

CockroachDB has two layers, the SQL layer and the storage layer. The SQL layer sits on top of the transactional and strongly-consistent distributed key-value store. In the key-value store, the key ranges are divided and stored in RocksDB and replicated across cluster. It exports structured data API of relational concepts. It exports standard SQL interface at the SQL layer. The SQL layer translates SQL statements into calls to structured data API.