Indexes

B+Tree R-Tree

Bedrock inherits index support from SQLite. The default index is a B Tree. There is an option to use an R Tree for range queries, in which case SQLITE_ENABLE_RTREE needs to be defined.

Isolation Levels

Read Uncommitted Serializable Snapshot Isolation

Bedrock inherits isolation level support from SQLite. The default behaviour is Serializeable. Snapshot Isolation can be implemented by setting PRAGMA journal_mode = WAL. If PRAGMA read_uncommitted = True along with the setting fro Snapshot Isolation, the isolation level becomes Read Uncommitted.

Joins

Nested Loop Join Sort-Merge Join

Bedrock inherits join support from SQLite. SQLite uses nested loop joins, and has been criticised previously for its slow performance. SQLite supports Sort-Merge joins over unique keys.

Checkpoints

Non-Blocking Blocking

Bedrock inherits checkpoint support from SQLite, hence supports blocking and non-blocking checkpoints.

Compression

Bit Packing / Mostly Encoding

Bedrock uses the zlib library to compress data, such as in the SGZip method.

Concurrency Control

Multi-version Concurrency Control (MVCC) Two-Phase Locking (Deadlock Prevention) Two-Phase Locking (Deadlock Detection)

Bedrock inherits concurrency control from SQLite. SQLite maintains page locks using Two-Phase Locking.

However, Bedrock has its own proprietary synchronization engine to support concurrency over multiple servers.

Bedrock's synchronization engine is a private distributed general ledger, i.e, a private blockchain. Each thread has an internal table called journal, which has 3 columns called id, query, hash. Each time a query is committed to the database, a new row is inserted into the journal. The new row records the query, and calculates the new incremental hash based on the previous row. When a server connects to a cluster, the most recent id and hash are broadcasted. If two servers disagree on the the hash corresponding to the id, then they know that they have "forked" at some point and stop communicating with each other. A Paxos-based election scheme decides which fork stands up to the new master.

Since Bedrock supports multi-threaded writes, it is prone to write conflicts. This is addressed by "sharding" the table, and querying all the journal tables in a UNION whenever the database is to be viewed as one.

Data Model

Relational

Bedrock inherits the data model from SQLite, which supports a relational data model.

Foreign Keys

Supported

Bedrock inherits foreign key support from SQLite. To enable foreign key support, SQLITE_OMIT_FOREIGN_KEY and SQLITE_OMIT_TRIGGER must not be defined at runtime.

Hardware Acceleration

Custom

Bedrock is written for modern hardware with SSD-backed RAID drives and RAM file caches. It was made to be "simple", not requiring any esoteric hardware hacks as done by other systems. Hence, there is no standard hardware acceleration option.

Logging

Physical Logging

Bedrock inherits logging support from SQLite. SQLite uses page-level logging. It supports Write-Ahead Logging, which can be used by setting PRAGMA journal_mode = WAL.

Query Compilation

Code Generation

Bedrock data is stored in SQLite databases. The compilation is hence the same as in SQLite. To execute a SQL statement, it is first compiled into a byte-code program using one of the sqlite3_prepare% methods. Once the code has been generated, it is run by a virtual machine.

Query Execution

Tuple-at-a-Time Model

Bedrock uses the same query execution model as used by SQLite. The Squery method in Bedrock calls the sqlite3_exec method, which is a one step query execution interface.

Query Interface

SQL Command-line / Shell

Bedrock queries can be any SQLite compatible query. The result is returned in an HTTP-like / JSON format, as per user request. It also support the MySQL protocol, and hence the user can continue using the MySQL client of their choice. It also provides a PHP binding that one can use to work with it from the shell itself.

Storage Architecture

Disk-oriented

Bedrock has SQLite embedded in it, and reads / writes to ordinary disk files.

Storage Model

N-ary Storage Model (Row/Record)

Bedrock stores data in a SQLite database. This stores data in a row-wise, where each row is referred to as a tuple. The tuples are stored contiguously on each page, and can be stored across multiple pages.

Stored Procedures

Supported

Bedrock uses C++ as its primary stored procedure language. Hence, it can be inferred that it supports stored procedures.

System Architecture

Shared-Disk Embedded

Bedrock is built on top of SQLite and has the same system architecture.

Views

Virtual Views

Bedrock inherits view support from SQLite. SQLite supports virtual views. Whether SQLite supprots Materialized views is a topic of debate - while the official documentation claims it supports materialized views, the definition of materialized as used by SQLite seemed to vary.